Pineapple

Pineapple is a tropical and nutritious fruit. While more research is necessary, pineapple may possess many health benefits, such as treating digestive problems and inflammation.

Christopher Columbus brought pineapples back to Europe after an expedition to South America. Pineapples became known as an extravagant and exotic fruit, served only at the most lavish of banquets.

However, pineapples are now common, and people are able to enjoy them in solid, dried, and juice forms.

In Central and South America, pineapple is not only valued for its sweet taste, it has been used for centuries to treat digestion problems and inflammation.

This article explores the health benefits and nutrition of pineapple, as well as providing ways to include it in the diet.

Nutrition

One cup of fresh pineapple chunks contains approximatelyTrusted Source:

• 82 calories
• 0.2 grams (g) of fat
• 0 g of cholesterol
• 2 milligrams (mg) of sodium
• 21.65 g of total carbohydrate (including 16 grams of sugar and 2.3 grams of fiber)
• 0.89 g of protein

As a percentage of your daily requirements, the same amount of fresh pineapple chunks provides:

• 131 percent of vitamin C
• 2 percent of vitamin A
• 2 percent of calcium
• 3 percent of iron

Pineapple is also a source of important vitamins and minerals, including:

• thiamin
• riboflavin
• vitamin B-6
• folate
• pantothenic acid
• magnesium
• manganese
• potassium
• beta-carotene and other antioxidants

Fresh pineapple is the only known source of an enzyme called bromelain, which might play a role in a range of different health benefits.

Benefits

Eating fruits and vegetables of all types has long been associated with a reduced risk of many lifestyle-related health conditions.

Many studies have suggested that increasing consumption of plant foods like pineapples decreases the risk of obesity, overall mortality, diabetes, and heart disease.

It also promotes a healthy complexion and hair, increased energy, and an overall lower weight.

The following are possible benefits of eating pineapple.

Age-related macular degeneration

In one prospective study from 2004Trusted Source, people who ate 3 or more servings per day of all fruits demonstrated a decreased risk and slowed progression of age-related macular degeneration.

Asthma prevention

The risks of developing asthma are lower in people who consume a high amount of certain nutrients.

One of these nutrients is beta-carotene. It is found in orange, yellow and dark green plant foods, such as pineapple, mangoes, papaya, apricots, broccoli, cantaloupe, pumpkin, and carrots.

Some smaller studiesTrusted Source have suggested bromelain can also contribute to reducing asthma symptoms.

Blood pressure

Increasing potassium intake by consuming high potassium fruits and vegetables can help with lowering blood pressure. According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), fewer than 2 percentTrusted Source of U.S. adults meet the daily 4,700-mg recommendation.

A high potassium intake is associated with a 20 percentTrusted Source decreased risk of dying from all causes.

Cancer

As an excellent source of vitamin C, a strong antioxidant, pineapples can help combat the formation of free radicals. These are linked to the development of cancer.

Older studies have shown beta-carotene to have an inverse associationTrusted Source with the development of colon cancer in a Japanese population.

A 2004 case-control studyTrusted Source linked beta-carotene to a protective effect on prostate cancer.

However, more recent studiesTrusted Source have demonstrated that this may not be the case.

High fiber intake from all fruits and vegetables is associated with a lowered risk of colorectal cancer.

Diabetes

Individuals with type 1 diabetes who consume high-fiber diets tend to have lower blood glucose levels, and individuals with type 2 diabetes may have improved blood sugar, lipids, and insulin levels.

One medium pineapple provides about 13 g of fiber.

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendsTrusted Source 21 to 25 g per day for women and between 30 and 38 g per day for men.

Digestion

Pineapples, because of their fiber and water content, help to prevent constipation and promote regularity and a healthy digestive tract.

Pineapples are also rich in bromelain, an enzyme that helps the body digest proteins. Bromelain also reduces inflammatory immune cells, called cytokines, that damage the digestive tract lining.

The inedible stems are the most concentrated source of bromelain, which can be extracted and is readily available in supplement form.

Fertility

Antioxidant-rich diets have been shown to improve fertility. Because free radicals can damage the reproductive system, foods with high antioxidant activity like pineapples are recommended for those trying to conceive.

The antioxidants in pineapple, such as vitamin C and beta-carotene, and the vitamins and minerals copper, zinc, and folate have propertiesTrusted Source that affect both male and female fertility.

Healing and Inflammation

Some studies have shown that bromelain, primarily in the stem, can reduceTrusted Source swelling, bruising, healing time, and pain associated with injury and surgical intervention.

Heart health

The fiber, potassium, and vitamin C content in pineapple all promote heart health.

In one study, people who consumed 4,069 mg of potassium per day reduced the risk of death from ischemic heart disease 49 percentTrusted Source when compared with those who consumed less potassium.

Researchers link high potassium intakes to a reduced risk of stroke, protection against loss of muscle mass, preservation of bone mineral density, and reduction in the formation of kidney stones.

Skin

The antioxidant vitamin C, when eaten in its natural form or applied topically, can help to fight skin damage caused by the sun and pollution, reduce wrinkles, and improve overall skin texture.

Vitamin C also plays a vital role in the formation of collagen, the support system of the skin.

Diet

Select a pineapple with a firm, plump body, without bruising, or soft spots and with green leaves at the crown.

A green outer shell does not mean the pineapple is not ripe and, contrary to popular belief, neither does the ease in which the leaves pull from the crown.

Pick pineapples at their peak ripeness. Unlike other fruits, they will not continue to ripen once picked.

Whole pineapples should be stored at room temperature, while cut pineapples should be stored in the refrigerator.

When eating canned or packaged pineapple, make sure to pick up the varieties canned in pineapple juice, not heavy syrup.

Here are a few preparation tips for including more pineapple in the diet:

• Add pineapple to your favorite kebabs. Try shrimp, chicken, or steak kebabs with red onions, pineapple, and cherry tomatoes.
• Make a fruit salad with strawberries, pineapple, mandarin oranges, and grapes. Top with unsweetened shredded coconut for a fresh twist.
• Add some pineapple slices to your salad at lunch or dinner. Compliment the pineapple with walnuts or pecans, a crumbled cheese, and light balsamic or citrus vinaigrette dressing.
• Make your own juice. Nothing tastes better than fresh fruit juice in the morning. When you make your own, you can be sure there are no added preservatives or sweeteners.
• Make a fresh salsa with pineapple, mango, jalapeño, red peppers, and chipotle pepper and use as a topper for your favorite fish tacos.

Risks

Beta-blockers, a type of medication most commonly prescribed for heart disease, can cause potassium levels to increase in the blood. High potassium foods should be consumed in moderation when taking beta-blockers.

Consuming too much potassium can be harmful to people whose kidneys are not fully functional. If your kidneys are unable to remove excess potassium from the blood, it could be fatal.

Those with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) may experience an increase in symptoms, such as heartburn and regurgitation, when consuming highly acidic foods. However, individual reactions vary.

Focus on keeping the overall diet varied and adding a range of nutrients to the overall diet, rather than specific foods.